|
|
Abstract is an objective and accurate
condensation of a document, which can
vary in length from a mere expansion
or enrichment of the title to several
paragraphs. Abstracts can save a great
deal of time and effort and will alert
you to newly published work that may
otherwise be difficult to trace.
At the
very least, an abstract will help you
to decide whether or not you need to
read the original material.
See also: Bibliography,
Indicative abstract, Informative abstract,
Synopsis. |
| Active disinformation, see Disinformation. |
Advanced technologies, also commonly
referred to by the term High technology,
are those that: • require significant
expertise and Research
and development
input; • involve
a high proportion of knowledge workers; • call for
the intensive transfer and exchange
of Information; • result
in high-value-added products.
See also: Knowledge-base
industries, Nanotechnology, Research
and development,
Technology. |
After
Action Review (AAR) is a presentation
or discussion following an event or activity
by those involved with, or interested
in, that event and whose purpose is to
learn from it. An AAR should describe
what was intended to happen, what was
actually accomplished, what mistakes
were made, what lessons were learned,
and how participation in similar events
might be improved in the future.
They
may be recorded in a variety of media
as a form of reference for
future use. Briefings and AARs (also
referred to as Debriefings) are excellent
learning tools and help to instill
an information-sharing culture. Their
effectiveness depends to a great extent
on accurately identifying the most
appropriate audience. See also: Briefing,
Debriefing, Intranet, Knowledge management,
Report. |
Algorithm is a process or set of rules
for calculating or solving problems,
especially when using computers.
See
also: Predictive
analytics. |
Alliance is a
form of cooperation between two or
more independent companies in
which they share risks and revenues
with the aim of jointly improving their
Competitive
advantage. Alliances may include licensing,
clusters, co-marketing arrangements,
shared R&D, joint ventures, franchising
agreements, outsourcing partnerships,
and investments.
See also: Cluster,
Joint project, Joint venture, Lead-firm
network, Networking,
Production network, Research and development,
Service network, Strategic alliance.
|
| Alternative
outcomes analysis, see
Scenario analysis. |
Ambush marketing occurs
when a company that does not directly
support a specific
event attempts to present itself as a
marketing partner. This is usually achieved
through the use of misleading advertising
or promotional activities.
See also Disinformation. |
Analysis involves the examination of
complex Information in order to ascertain
its constituent elements and to more
easily understand its meaning. The fundamental
forms of analysis are:
Deduction,
Induction, Pattern recognition,
and Trend analysis.
See also: Intelligence
analysis, Predictive analytics, Scenario
analysis, Synthesis. |
Analysis paralysis is a colloquial
expression that implies that one's decision-making
ability is severely impaired by exposure
to overwhelming volumes of Information;
it is a symptom of Information
fatigue syndrome.
See also: Information
overload. |
Annotation is a note, usually added
to a Bibliographic
reference, by way
of comment, explanation, or description.
It may also be referred to as a Scope
note when used in a Thesaurus.
See also:
Bibliography.
|
| Application
service provider (ASP)
manages and delivers application capabilities
to multiple entities from a data centre
across a wide area network (WAN). |
Applied
research is original work done
in order to acquire new Knowledge with
a specific, practical application in
view. It is undertaken either to determine
the possible uses for the findings of
Basic research or to determine new ways
of achieving some specific and predetermined
objectives.
See also: Research,
Research and development.
|
Archie is a software tool for locating
files stored on anonymous File
transfer protocol (FTP) sites; knowledge of the
exact file name or a sub-string is essential
to successful retrieval.
|
| Argument mapping, see Visualization. |
Artificial
intelligence applies to
a computer system that is able to operate
in a manner similar to that of human
intelligence; that is, it can understand
natural language and is capable of solving
problems, learning, adapting, recognizing,
classifying, self-improvement, and reasoning.
Examples of its application include Expert
systems, Intelligent agents, Neural
networks,
and Robotics.
See also: Classify,
Cognitive science, Predictive analytics.
|
Artilect is
a neologism used to describe a computer
incorporating Artificial
intelligence and
being capable of programming and improving
its operations.
|
| Argument mapping, see Visualization. |
Artificial
intelligence applies to
a computer system that is able to operate
in a manner similar to that of human
intelligence; that is, it can understand
natural language and is capable of solving
problems, learning, adapting, recognizing,
classifying, self-improvement, and reasoning.
Examples of its application include Expert
systems, Intelligent agents, Neural networks,
and Robotics.
See
also: Classify,
Cognitive science, Predictive analytics. |
Artilect is
a neologism used to describe a computer
incorporating Artificial
intelligence and
being capable of programming and improving
its operations.
|
Assigned-term
indexing involves assessing
a record or Document and
deciding on the appropriate terms to
apply to it.
See also: Derived-term
indexing, Enrichment, Index. |
| Assumption is that which is taken as
being true for the purpose of argument
or action. |
| Asynchronous
digital subscriber line (ADSL) permits high-speed data transmission
on copper wire. |
| Asynchronous
transfer mode (ATM) in
telecommunications is a broadband technology
that permits large volumes of voice,
image, text, or video data to be transmitted
simultaneously. |
Authentication is the process by which
an individual confirms his or her identity,
usually by means of a signature, an official
Document, a personal identification number
(PIN), a Password,
a digital certificate, or some other
acceptable means.
See also: Corporate
security. |
Automatic
indexing uses a program to
select words or phrases to identify content.
It often employs several Indexing languages
(Classification
scheme, natural language,
Controlled vocabulary, Standard Industry
Code, Country Code). |
|
Balanced scorecard is a performance
measurement system that, in addition
to financial measures, quantifies items
that had previously been considered as
Intangible assets, such as brand image,
customers, reputation, Human
capital, Information, Innovation, and Corporate
culture.
See also: Customer
relationship management, Intellectual
property, Knowledge assets,
Knowledge management. |
| Bandwidth is a measure of the capacity
of an information channel, that is, the
volume of Information that can be transmitted
over a communications link in a given
time. |
Basic research is work, of a general
nature, conducted in order to acquire
Knowledge of
the underlying foundations of phenomena
and observable facts without
any obvious practical application in
view. Sometimes referred to as Fundamental
research.
See also: Research,
Research and development. |
Benchmarking is a continuous, systematic
process for evaluating and comparing
an organization’s activities, products,
services, and work processes with those
of organizations that are recognized
as representing best practices for the
purposes of performance improvement.
A secondary purpose is to reveal useful
practices or ideas that may be adopted
or adapted with advantage.
See also: Reengineering,
Reverse engineering. |
Bibliographic
reference is the Information necessary to identify a Document.
It normally includes: author; title;
place
of publication, publisher, and date (in
the case of a book); or author; title;
name of journal; volume/edition, page
number(s), and date (in the case of an
article). Additional details may be included
for clarification.
See also: Annotation,
Bibliography, Bibliometrics, Citation,
Citation index,
Metadata. |
Bibliography is a list of documents
(for example, books, periodicals, articles,
reports, and conference papers) covering
a specific subject or range of subjects,
arranged in some order, such as by subject,
chronologically, or by author. Entries
will normally incorporate the essential
details and may extend to a Notation or
an Abstract.
See also: Bibliographic
reference, Bibliometrics, Citation,
Document,
Metadata. |
Bibliometrics is
the application of statistical or mathematical
methods to
groups of bibliographic references
(for example, authorship, publications,
literature
use) for comparison or comprehension.
See
also: Bibliographic
reference, Bibliography, Citation
analysis, Informetrics,
Webometrics.
|
Bioinformation
transfer is the study
of the neuro-active substances that play
a crucial role in intercellular Information transfer, and of the application of such
mechanisms to medicine and Information
technology.
See also: Cybernetics. |
Blog is a direct means for an individual
to share ideas, thoughts, opinions, and
Information concerning a particular topic
with an audience, using the Web as the
medium. It usually takes the form of
a diary or chronological narrative initiated,
and frequently updated, by the blogger.
Its main value lies in the establishment
of networks and the Social
capital created
as a result.
See also: Corporate
blog, Wiki. |
Boolean algebra refers to an abstract
system of symbols and operators that
apply to logical problems. Boolean operators
most commonly used for manipulating search
terms in information retrieval include:
AND, OR, NOT. Less common are: IF, NEAR,
BEFORE, AFTER, THEN, EXCEPT. The results
of employing Boolean operators may be
illustrated using Venn
diagrams. The
term is derived from the British mathematician
George Boole (1815-1864) who devised
the original system.
See also: Nesting,
Proximity operators. |
Bot (abbreviation of robot), see Robots.
See
also: Crawler,
Intelligent agents, Search engine,
Spider. |
Brainstorming is
a technique used by groups of people
to overcome the widespread
tendency to overlook various obvious
options while solving problems or generating
new ideas. The key principle is to defer
judgment, achieved by insistence on first
recording all suggested ideas.
See also: Lateral
thinking, Synectics. |
Brief is
either an abridged memory aid for presenting
arguments in a legal
case, or a set of instructions concerning
a specific task, operation, or project.
See
also: Briefing,
Report. |
Briefing is
the oral or written disclosure, before the event, of information or instructions
concerning an operation, project, or visit. The term is derived from military
practice.
See also: After
action review, Debriefing, Intelligence
briefing, Report. |
Browser is a client software program
that is used to identify and locate various
kinds of Internet resources.
See
also: Cyberspace,
World Wide Web.
|
Bulletin board
system (BBS) is a computerized
meeting and announcement system that
allows people to carry on discussions,
upload and download files, and record
observations and points of view without
having to be simultaneously connected
to the system at any given time.
See also: Internet. |
Burotics applies to the fusion of several
technologies that are mainly covered
by the term Business
technology. It includes:
data organization; word processing; facsimile;
teletext and videotex; reproduction equipment;
time registration; and business management
systems.
See also: Technological
fusion, Telematics. |
Business environment encompasses all
those factors that affect a company's
operations; and includes customers, competitors,
stakeholders, suppliers, industry trends,
regulations, other government activities,
social and economic factors, and technological
developments. Also known as Operating
environment. |
Business Intelligence
(BI) is any combination
of Data, Information, and Knowledge concerning
the Business
environment in which a company
operates that, when acted upon, will
confer a significant Competitive
advantage or enable sound decisions to be made.
Thus, for practitioners, the term encompasses
both Competitive
intelligence and Knowledge
management. Involvement in business intelligence
operations will enable the organization
to, among other things:
• anticipate
and manage risk;
• seek Opportunities and new
markets;
• take action before
competitors; • Innovate;
• exploit competitors’ weaknesses;
• improve Planning and
decision-making.
The term is also widely
accepted as being concerned with Information
technology solutions for transforming the output
from large Data collections into so-called
Intelligence; usually through the integration
of sales, marketing, servicing, and
support activities. Also loosely referred
to as Customer
relationship management,
it covers such activities as Data
mining and Enterprise
reporting, and the associated
software. Those involved in this form
of business intelligence tend to regard
it as simply one aspect of Knowledge
management. Systems based on
such software have replaced the term
Executive information
systems.
See also: Competitive
intelligence, Competitor, Competitor
intelligence,
Intelligence analysis, Market intelligence,
Technological intelligence.
|
Business plan incorporates a detailed
study of the current and anticipated
future activities of an enterprise, and
of all the factors (such as marketing,
development and production, and financial
aspects) that will have a bearing on
those activities. Since it is also the
normal mechanism for attracting investment,
it should provide potential investors
with the Information they
need in order to evaluate the risks and
the potential
returns on investment (RoI). Often used
as a generic term covering marketing,
operational, strategic, tactical, and
other forms of corporate plans.
See also: Planning,
Venture capital. |
| Business process
management (BPM),
see Business
process outsourcing. |
Business process
outsourcing (BPO)
is the long-term contractual delegation
of management and operational responsibility
for an IT-enabled business function,
or process area, to an external services
provider. BPO covers three broad areas
of activity: sales, marketing, and customer
care; administration and finance; operations
processes (which may include materials
management, procurement, distribution,
or manufacturing). BPO may be partial
(management or operation only) or complete
(management, operation, and ownership). |
| Business process
re-engineering (BPR),
see Re-engineering. |
Business technology refers
to the integration of computer and communications
technologies
in support of administrative applications
and procedures within an organization.
See
also: Information
technology. |
| Business war
gaming, see War
gaming. |
|
| Cascade, see Explode. |
Case-based
reasoning is a technique
for deriving solutions to problems through
a reasoning process using Artificial
intelligence to produce analogies with
similar problems where solutions are
already known. |
Caves
and commons is a colloquial term
for the two main types of working area:
caves represent private areas used for
concentrated thinking; commons refers
to open spaces designed to encourage
discussion and the exchange of Information and ideas.
See also: Work
spaces, Working environment. |
Census is an evaluation or enumeration
of each and every member or unit of population
under study.
See also: Demography. |
| Chat room, see Newsgroup. |
Cipher is a way of producing a Document whose content may be understood by the
intended recipient but should be unintelligible
to all others. This is usually achieved
by substituting computer-generated random
numbers or letters for the symbols making
up the content of the document. Since
the same sequence must be used to set
up the system for both enciphering and
deciphering, no cipher system is entirely
invulnerable.
See also: Code,
Steganography. |
Citation is a reference or footnote
to a Document which contains sufficient
Information to identify and locate the
work to which it refers. It usually takes
the form of a Bibliographic
reference.
See
also: Annotation,
Bibliography, Citation analysis. |
| Citation analysis is a specific division
of Bibliometrics devoted to the study
of citations to and from documents. |
Citation
index consists of a list of
documents, usually arranged by author,
with a list against each entry of other
documents that have cited the item represented
by the entry. It is based on the principle
that if the searcher is aware of a Document that is relevant, then any document published
at a later date that cites the original
is also likely to be relevant.
See also: Bibliography,
Citation. |
Classification
scheme is an orderly
arrangement of terms or classes - a class
being any group of entities sharing the
same characteristic(s). The major universal
classification schemes are: Bliss, Colon,
Dewey Decimal, Library of Congress, and
Universal Decimal.
See also: Classify,
Index, Keyword, Ontology, Taxonomy, Thesaurus. |
Classified
information refers to military
or national secrets. It is normally available
to unqualified individuals only by means
of clandestine human or technical (imagery
or signals) Intelligence.
See also: Classify. |
Classify is to assemble or group items
in a rational and consistent manner.
It is based upon a preconceived plan,
with the whole field of interest divided
into categories, classes, and sub-classes.
It also means to designate a Document as an official secret or as not available
for general disclosure.
See also: Classification
scheme, Classified information, Directories,
Hierarchical
classification, Index, Keyword, Ontology,
Taxonomy, Thesaurus, Trade secret.
|
| Click streaming enables a Web
site to monitor a user's movements while on
site and when moving to other links from
that site. |
Closed-circuit
television (cctv) is
a form of cable television accessible
to a limited user group. It is used especially
in security systems and military establishments,
and for educational purposes. |
| Closed proprietary
information, see Trade
secret. |
Cluster consists of several enterprises
that have entered into a formal, continuing
association in order to pursue some activities
in common and derive maximum benefit
from such synergy. These shared activities
may include: Research,
Development, and Innovation;
Marketing, promotion, labeling,
and publication of Trade
literature;
imposing minimum standards of quality;
arranging the supply of equipment, components,
or materials; and sharing Information gathering and Analysis.
See also: Alliance,
Joint venture, Lead-firm network, Networking,
Production
network, Service network, Strategic
alliance, Value chain. |
Clustering is the linking together
of many small computers in order to create
a more powerful machine.
See also: Grid
computing. |
Code is a pre-arranged system of words,
letters, figures, or symbols used to
represent others for secrecy or brevity.
The Morse code, for example, uses a sequence
of dots and dashes to represent letters
and digits.
See also: Cipher,
Corporate security, Password, Steganography. |
Cognitive
science is the study of thinking,
knowing, and intellectual reaction; of
the process of comprehending, judging,
remembering, and reasoning; and of the
acquisition, organization, and uses of
Knowledge.
See also: Artificial
intelligence, Concept. |
| Collaboration
software, see Groupware. |
Colloquium is an informal academic
Conference or group discussion.
See also:
Seminar, Symposium,
Workshop. |
Combination, one of the four basic
Knowledge
management processes, is a
technique for combining items of Explicit
knowledge to form new explicit knowledge.
See
also: Externalization,
Internalization, and Socialization. |
Commerce is a term that usually applies
to domestic trade; that is, conducted
within a specific nation or territory.
See also: International
trade. |
| Commercialism is the imposition of
business principles and full cost-accounting
techniques on government enterprises. |
Commercialization covers the range
of activities involved in producing and
Marketing an Innovation; or is the transformation
of ideas into economic results.
See also:
Diffusion,
Technology transfer. |
Communication is the process whereby
Knowledge is codified into Information by the transmitter, passed through a
medium to a receiver, who then reconverts
that information into new knowledge.
See
also: Knowledge
creation. |
| Community
of commitment, see Community
of practice. |
Community
of interest is a network
of people who are committed to the mutual
exchange of ideas and Information. The
focus tends to be on learning about areas
of common interest, rather than on producing
practical results.
See also: Community
of practice. |
Community
of practice (CoP) is an informal,
self-organizing, interactive group that
develops in response to a specific, work-related
activity, subject, practice, or problem
of mutual interest. Membership is determined
by participation and may transcend hierarchical
and organizational boundaries. It provides
a means of developing best practices
or solutions to problems through Communication,
that is, through participation in the
exchange of Information and the creation
of Knowledge. A community of practice
may use a variety of media for this purpose,
including faceto-face meetings, reports,
email, instant messaging, collaborative
workspaces, and intranets. Communities
of practice can sometimes make a major
contribution to Social
capital in organizations.
A CoP may sometime be called a Community
of purpose or commitment. Large, geographically
dispersed communities tend to be referred
to as Networks of practice.
See also:
Community
of interest, Electronic mail, Groupware,
Intranet, Knowledge management,
Networking, Report, Team. |
| Community
of purpose, see Community
of practice. |
Competency
modeling involves identifying
superior performers and creating profiles
that specify their expertise, skills,
personalities, values, and other attributes
as a basis for general organizational
improvement.
See also: Expertise
profiling, Knowledge map, Mindset. |
Competitive is when a company can maintain
or expand its Market
share while making
at least enough profit to induce it to
stay in its existing line of business. |
Competitive
advantage is gained by
exploiting the unique blend of activities,
assets, attributes, market conditions,
and relationships that differentiates
an organization from its competitors.
These may include: access to natural
resources, specific location, or skilled
workforce.
See also: Business
intelligence, Competitor, Critical
success factors. |
Competitive
Intelligence (CI) is a systematic and ethical program
for gathering,
analyzing, and managing Information about the external Business
environment that
can affect a company’s plans,
decisions, and operations. Although
narrower in
scope, it is commonly employed as a
synonym for Business
intelligence. |
Competitor is any organization that
offers the same, a similar, or a substitute
product or service in the field of endeavor
in which a company operates. |
Competitor
Intelligence (CI) is a subdivision
of Business
intelligence that concerns
the current and proposed business activities
of competitors.
See also: Competitor,
Strategic group analysis. |
Competitor
profiling is the systematic
Analysis of competitors in order to learn
from their strengths and exploit their
weaknesses. The knowledge acquired is
used to gain and maintain a Competitive
advantage.
See also: Competitor,
Intelligence analysis, SWOT analysis. |
Computer-aided
design (CAD) involves
the use of computers in the design and
engineering process. The term embraces
geometric modeling, Analysis, testing,
and drafting. |
| Computer-aided
instruction (CAI) refers
to the use of computers as teaching machines. |
Computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM)
involves the use of computer technology
in the management, control, and operation
of the manufacturing process. |
Computer-assisted
interactive tutorial system is one in which a computer is
programmed to perform the role of teacher
in (normally) a one-to-one tutorial.
See
also: Distance
learning. |
Computer-assisted
process planning involves the use of computers to generate
process plans showing the sequence of
operations and work stations required
in manufacture. |
Computer graphics refers to the use
of computers to generate and display
pictorial images.
See also: Visualization. |
Computer-integrated
manufacturing is
a term that applies when work stations
are directly serviced by an automated
material-handling system and controlled
by a computer. The term encompasses:
CAD/CAM, Robotics,
Group technology,
Material requirements planning, Manufacturing
resource planning, Automated storage
and retrieval systems, Computer-assisted
process planning, and Computer-aided
parts programming.
See also: Computer-aided
design, Computer-aided manufacturing. |
Concept is any unit of thought, generally
expressed by a term, letter, or symbol.
It may be the mental representation of
beings or things, qualities, actions,
locations, situations, or relations.
A concept may also arise from any combination
of other concepts.
See also: Cognitive
science, Insight, Knowledge, Semantic
networks. |
| Concept mapping, see Visualization. |
Conference is a general session or
face-to-face group that relies on participation;
often used to publicize developments
in a particular field of endeavor or
discipline.
See also: Colloquium,
Seminar, Symposium, Workshop. |
Confirmation
bias refers to our tendency
to seek evidence that will confirm our
own opinion, or ignore or devalue that
which does not.
See also: Analysis,
Intelligence analysis. |
| Conjecture is to form an opinion from
incomplete Information; to guess. |
Contact
management system (CMS), allows
organizations and individuals to record
relationships and interactions with customers
and suppliers. |
Content
analysis describes the technique
of identifying keywords and descriptors
from a given Document in order to facilitate
Information
retrieval.
See also: Descriptor,
Keyword, Indexing. |
Content
management system (CMS) separates
the management of content from that of
its presentation. This allows segments
of content to bear Metadata and other
attributes and be handled as building
blocks in putting together Web pages,
thus simplifying the task of updating.
See
also: Information
architecture. |
| Content visualization, see Visualization. |
| Contestability is the extent to which
the provision of a good or service is
open to alternative suppliers. |
Contingency
planning differs from Scenario
planning in that it usually takes into
account only one probable future event.
See
also: Planning,
War gaming. |
| Controlled
indexing language, see Controlled
vocabulary. |
Controlled
vocabulary is an Indexing language; that is, a standardized - yet
dynamic - set of terms and phrases authorized
for use in an indexing system to describe
a subject area or Information domain.
Ideally, the terms that are used to represent
subjects, and the process whereby terms
are assigned to particular documents,
should be both controlled and executed
by one individual. It can vary from a
simple alphabetical list of terms to
a complex annotated Thesaurus. Also known
as a Controlled indexing language.
See
also: Classification
scheme, Classify, Content analysis,
Descriptor, Document,
Index, Keyword, Natural indexing
language, Ontology, Taxonomy, Topic
map. |
Copyright exists automatically on original
literary, artistic, musical, or dramatic
works and gives protection against unlicensed
use.
See also: Intellectual
property. |
| Corporate
blog is a Blog published
by, or with the support of, an organization
in order to further its aims, aspirations,
or goals. |
Corporate
culture is the set of values,
beliefs, and relationships between individuals
and functions that guide the decisions
of the company in order to achieve its
objectives. It results in behavior that
has been learned within a group or transferred
between individuals over time. Also known
as organizational culture.
See also: Meme,
Mission statement, Social capital,
Vision statement. |
Corporate
governance is the framework
of rules, relationships, systems, and
processes within and by which authority
is exercised and controlled in corporations.
See
also: Stakeholder. |
| Corporate
intellectual assets, see Knowledge
assets. |
Corporate
Intelligence (CI) is a broad
term covering both Business
intelligence and Competitive
intelligence as well
as those elements that are inherent in
global operations, such as Corporate
security and Counterintelligence. |
| Corporate
memory, see Knowledge
assets. |
Corporate
security aims at protecting
Knowledge
assets, whether in the form
of physical entities or intellectual
(tangible and intangible) property.
See
also: Authentication,
Counterintelligence, Intellectual property,
Knowledge management,
Trade secret. |
Corporatization is Privatization coupled
with the requirement that the government
sector enterprise actively encourage
competition from the private sector.
Government ministers set policy objectives
but are not involved in routine operations. |
Counterintelligence refers to those
activities that are concerned with identifying
and counteracting the threat to security
posed by hostile intelligence services
or organizations, or by individuals engaged
in Espionage, sabotage, or subversion.
See
also: Corporate
security, Intellectual property, Knowledge
assets. |
| Countertrade is the exchange of goods
or services free of monetary consideration. |
Crawler uses existing Internet search
engines to carry out automatic search
and retrieval of selected Information on behalf of a user. Also known as Web
crawler.
See also: Bot,
Intelligent agents, Search engine,
Spider. |
Creativity refers to the act of generating
new and useful ideas, or of re-evaluating
or combining old ideas, to develop new
and useful perspectives in order to satisfy
a need.
See also: Brainstorming,
Innovation, Invention, Lateral thinking,
Synectics. |
Critical
success factors are the limited
number of activities that need to succeed
and be effective if company aims are
to be achieved; or, are the few key areas
of activity in which favorable results
are absolutely necessary for a particular
manager to reach his or her goals. Knowing
the critical success factors helps to
determine information needs. Also known
as Key success factors.
See also: Competitive
advantage. |
Current
awareness services make available
Knowledge of what is being done in specific
fields of endeavor through Documents (such as notes, abstracts, clippings,
email, Selective
dissemination of information,
and Database records) or orally (such
as face-to-face or telephone conversations).
See
also: Abstract,
Electronic mail, Indicative abstract,
Informative abstract. |
Customer
relationship management (CRM)
is a software-based technique designed
to select and manage customers in order
to maximize their long-term value to
an enterprise. The term covers several
aspects of customer relationships, such
as: campaign management systems, call
centers, interactive voice response systems,
e-commerce, point-of-sale, and sales
automation. The intention is to understand
and anticipate the needs, preferences,
and buying habits
of existing and potential customers.
To that end, it usually employs some
form of Data
mining designed to exploit
large customer databases. Seen by some
as the most important aspect of Knowledge
management.
See also: Database,
Electronic commerce. |
Cybernetics refers to the science in
which communication and control systems
in electronic and mechanical devices
are studied and compared with those in
biological systems.
See also: Artificial
intelligence, Bioinformation transfer. |
Cyberspace is the notional environment
in which communication over computer
networks occurs. The term is currently
used to describe the whole range of Information resources available through such networks.
See
also: Browser,
Internet, Network, World Wide Web. |
| Cypher, see Cipher. |
|
Dashboard is a Visualization tool that
provides graphical depictions of current
key performance indicators in order to
enable faster response to changes in
areas such as sales, customer relations,
performance assessments, and inventory
levels. |
Data consist of unconnected facts,
numbers, names, codes, symbols, dates,
words, and other items of that nature
that are out of context, and that only
acquire meaning through association.
See
also: Business
intelligence, Code, Information, Knowledge. |
Data
logging involves the conversion
of electrical impulses from process instruments
into digital Data to be recorded, stored,
and periodically tabulated. |
Data
mart is a focused collection of
operational Data that is usually confined
to a specific aspect of a business. A
number of stand-alone data marts are
often referred to as Islands of data. |
Data
mining is the systematic computer
Analysis, through the use of statistical
techniques (often employing Neural
networks),
of large volumes of collected Data with
the aim of revealing previously unidentified
patterns, trends, and relationships about
customers, products, services, and other
activities that can lead to new and profitable
business Opportunities. As with any Database,
the critical aspects are to do with accurate,
up-to-date content, and with the means
used for locating and matching that content
to user needs; that is, with the level
of intellectual input. For these reasons
the procedure is complex and protracted,
calling for specialized expertise and
imagination. Also known as Database tomography,
Discovery informatics, or Knowledge discovery.
Examples of data mining applications
include: identifying new customers, predicting
customer buying habits, confirming suitable
loan applicants, revealing fraud, indicating
potentially rewarding investments, managing
equity portfolios, diagnosing medical
problems, inventory management, and conducting
certain aspects of Marketing.
See also:
Data warehouse,
Predictive analytics, Text mining,
Visualization. |
Data
warehouse is a repository of operational
Data from one or more sources within
an organization, together with data derived
from a variety of external sources that
have been arranged into meaningful Information,
and rendered easily accessible so as
to allow for effective Analysis or decision-making.
See
also: Data mining,
Predictive analytics. |
Database is a collection of interrelated
Data stored together without harmful
or unnecessary redundancy and structured
in such a manner as to serve one or more
applications. The data are stored so
that they are independent of programs
that use the data. |
| Database tomography, see Data
mining. |
| Datasmog, see Information
overload. |
Debriefing is
an alternative term for
After Action
Review.
See also: Briefing,
Knowledge management. |
| Deception, see Social
engineering. |
Decision
diary records decisions made,
together with any assumptions made and
the reasoning employed. It is used to
derive lessons to assist future decision-making. |
Decision tree is a graphical representation
of the Analysis of sequential decisions
and their likely outcomes.
See also: Predictive
analytics. |
Deduction is based on theory and logic.
It involves reasoning from the general
to the particular, that is, drawing specific
conclusions from general premises; to
infer. For example, to ascribe to one
member of a class the properties generally
observed in other members of that same
class. In general, scientific laws are
established in this way. From a number
of observations, a generalization (or
law) is drawn: the greater the number
of observations, the more reliable the
conclusion is likely to be.
See also:
Analysis,
Induction, Intelligence analysis. |
| Deep Web, see Invisible
Web. |
Demography is the scientific study
of human communities, including size,
composition, distribution, density, movement,
rate of growth or decline, and other
characteristics, and of the causes and
consequences of changes in these factors.
See
also: Census,
Market intelligence, Market segmentation. |
Derived-term
indexing is where the
Indexing terms are extracted directly
from the record or Document.
See also: Assigned-term
indexing, Enrichment, Index. |
Descriptor is a term attached to a
Document to permit its subsequent location
and retrieval.
See also: Indexing. |
Design refers to the ornamental and
visual aspects of an article.
See also:
Intellectual
property. |
| Desktop conferencing, see Video
conferencing. |
Development includes those technical
activities of a non-routine nature
concerned with translating Research findings or other scientific knowledge
into products, processes, materials,
devices, or services.
See also: Applied
research, Innovation, Research and
development, Technology
transfer.
|
Dictionary is concerned primarily
with words; with their spelling, pronunciation,
and meaning, in one or more languages.
Dictionaries may apply to a specific
subject field, or may be restricted
to abbreviations.
See also: Glossary.
|
Diffusion is the process whereby new
Knowledge,
Know-how, and innovations
spread from an innovating organization
to other potential or actual users; or
is the spread of innovations into general
use.
See also: Commercialization,
Creativity, Development, Extension
service, Innovation,
Intellectual property, Networking,
Social network analysis, Technology
transfer. |
Digest is a condensed version of a
Document or topic, or of several related
topics. It is similar in many respects
to an Informative
abstract. The term
may also refer to a regular or occasional
Synopsis of current literature or news.
See
also: Report. |
Directories are primarily lists of
|